Cultural dimensions

Resources in this section explore how cultural values, beliefs, and practices shape human-wildlife interactions and conservation outcomes. They examine religion, folklore and symbolic meanings - by understanding these cultural frameworks, conservation interventions can be better tailored to local contexts and social expectations.
Key Papers
Agnihotri, S., C. Madegowda, and A. Si. 2021. Tiger becomes termite hill: Soliga/Solega perceptions of wildlife interactions and ecological change. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download
Aiyadurai, A. 2016. 'Tigers are Our Brothers': understanding human-nature relations in the Mishmi Hills, Northeast India. Conservation and Society 14:305-316. Download
Almarcha, F., T. Ferrández, and J. V. López-Bao. 2022. Symbols, wolves and conflicts. Biological Conservation 275:109756. Download
Álvares, F., J. Domingues, P. Sierra, and P. Primavera. 2011. Cultural dimension of wolves in the Iberian Peninsula: implications of ethnozoology in conservation biology. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 24:313-331. External resource
Athreya, V., S. Pimpale, A. S. Borkar, N. Surve, S. Chakravarty, M. Ghosalkar, A. Patwardhan, and J. Linnell, D.C. 2018. Monsters or Gods? Narratives of large cat worship in western India. Cat News 67:23-26. External resource
Baynes-Rock, M. 2013. Local tolerance of hyena attacks in East Hararge region, Ethiopia. Anthrozoos 26:421-433. External resource
Benavides, P., and J. Caviedes. 2021. Unnatural pumas and domestic foxes: relations with protected predators and conspiratorial rumours in southern Chile. Environmental Values. External resource
Bhatia, S., S. M. Redpath, K. Suryawanshi, and C. Mishra. 2017. The relationship between religion and attitudes toward large carnivores in Northern India? Human Dimensions of Wildlife 22:30-42. External resource
Bhatia, S., K. Suryawanshi, S. M. Redpath, S. Namgail, and C. Mishra. 2021. Understanding people’s relationship with wildlife in trans-Himalayan folklore. Frontiers in Environmental Science 9. Download
Brackhane S, Fukuda Y, Xavier FME, et al. 2024. Wildlife conservation through traditional values: alarming numbers of crocodile attacks reported from Timor-Leste. Oryx, 58(3):347-350. External resource
Brackhane, S., G. Webb, F. M. E. Xavier, J. Trindade, M. Gusmao, and P. Pechacek. 2019. Crocodile management in Timor-Leste: drawing upon traditional ecological knowledge and cultural beliefs. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 24:314-331. External resource
Catapani, M.L., Desbiez, A.L.J., Morsello, C. 2023. Giant anteaters as bad omens: determinants and implications of wildlife superstitions. People and Nature 6(3): 987-1000. External resources
Chan, K. M. A., A. D. Guerry, P. Balvanera, S. Klain, T. Satterfield, X. Basurto, A. Bostrom, R. Chuenpagdee, R. Gould, B. S. Halpern, N. Hannahs, J. Levine, B. Norton, M. Ruckelshaus, R. Russell, J. Tam, and U. Woodside. 2012. Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services? A framework for constructive engagement. Bioscience 62:744-756. Download
D’Lima, C., H. Marsh, M. Hamann, A. Sinha, and R. Arthur. 2014. Positive interactions between Irrawaddy dolphins and artisanal fishers in the Chilika Lagoon of Eastern India are driven by ecology, socioeconomics, and culture. Ambio 43:614-624. External resource
Davie, H. S., P. A. Stokowski, L. Ankhbayar, and J. D. Murdoch. 2014. Herders and wolves in post-soviet society: an ethnographic study in Mongolia’s Ikh Nart Nature Reserve. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 19:319-333. External resource
Dhee, V. Athreya, J. D. C. Linnell, S. Shivakumar, and S. P. Dhiman. 2019. The leopard that learnt from the cat and other narratives of carnivore–human coexistence in northern India. People and Nature 1:376-386. Download
Dheer, A., E. Davidian, M. H. Jacobs, J. Ndorosa, T. M. Straka, and O. P. Höner. 2021. Emotions and cultural importance predict the acceptance of large carnivore management strategies by Maasai pastoralists. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download
Dickman, A., P. J. Johnson, F. van Kesteren, and D. W. Macdonald. 2015. The moral basis for conservation: how is it affected by culture? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13:325-331. External resource
Dickman, A. J., L. Hazzah, C. Carbone, and S. M. Durant. 2014. Carnivores, culture and 'contagious conflict': multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania's Ruaha landscape. Biological Conservation 178:19-27. External resource
Engel, M. T., J. J. Vaske, and A. J. Bath. 2021. Seal hunting in Newfoundland from the perspective of local people. Marine Policy 128:104491. External resource
Evans, L. A., and W. M. Adams. 2018. Elephants as actors in the political ecology of human–elephant conflict. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 43:630-645. External resources
Gebresenbet, F., B. Baraki, G. Yirga, C. Sillero-Zubiri, and H. Bauer. 2018. A culture of tolerance: coexisting with large carnivores in the Kafa Highlands, Ethiopia. Oryx 52:751-760. External resource
Ghosal, S., and D. J. Kjosavik. 2015. Living with leopards: negotiating morality and modernity in western India. Society & Natural Resources 28:1092-1107. External resource
Goldman, M. J., J. R. de Pinho, and J. Perry. 2013. Beyond ritual and economics: Maasai lion hunting and conservation politics. Oryx 47:490-500. External resource
Gomez, J., N. van Vliet, and N. Canales. 2022. The values of wildlife revisited. Ecology and Society 27. Download
Gupta, A. C. 2013. Elephants, safety nets and agrarian culture: understanding human-wildlife conflict and rural livelihoods around Chobe National Park, Botswana. Journal of Political Ecology 20:238-254. Download
Hatch, M. B. A., J. K. Parrish, S. S. Heppell, S. Augustine, L. Campbell, L. M. Divine, J. Donatuto, A. S. Groesbeck, and N. F. Smith. 2023. Boundary spanners: a critical role for enduring collaborations between Indigenous communities and mainstream scientists. Ecology and Society 28. Download
Hazzah, L., A. Bath, S. Dolrenry, A. Dickman, and L. Frank. 2017. From attitudes to actions: predictors of lion killing by Maasai warriors. Plos One 12:e0170796. Download
Hazzah, L., S. Dolrenry, L. Naughton, C. T. T. Edwards, O. Mwebi, F. Kearney, and L. Frank. 2014. Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology 28:851-860. External resource
Hill, C. M., and A. D. Webber. 2010. Perceptions of nonhuman primates in human-wildlife conflict scenarios. American Journal of Primatology 72:919-924. External resource
Hughes, C., B. Frank, N. A. Melnycky, N. T. Yarmey, and J. A. Glikman. 2020. From worship to subjugation: understanding stories about bears to inform conservation efforts. Ursus 2020:1-12, 12. External resource
Hughes, C., and S. E. Nielsen. 2018. ‘Bear are only the Lightning Rod’: ongoing acrimony in Alberta’s Grizzly Bear Recovery. Society & Natural Resources:1-19. External resource
Infield, M., A. Entwistle, H. Anthem, A. Mugisha, and K. Phillips. 2018. Reflections on cultural values approaches to conservation: lessons from 20 years of implementation. Oryx 52:220-230. External resource
Inskip, C., Z. Fahad, R. Tully, T. Roberts, and D. MacMillan. 2014. Understanding carnivore killing behaviour: exploring the motivations for tiger killing in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Biological Conservation 180:42-50. External resource
Inskip, C., M. Ridout, Z. Fahad, R. Tully, A. Barlow, C. G. Barlow, M. A. Islam, T. Roberts, and D. MacMillan. 2013. Human–tiger conflict in context: risks to lives and livelihoods in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Human Ecology 41:169-186. External resource
Ishii, H. T., Manabe, T., Ito, K., Fujita, N., Imanishi, A., Hashimoto, D., & Iwasaki, A. (2010). Integrating ecological and cultural values toward conservation and utilization of shrine/temple forests as urban green space in Japanese cities. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 6(2),307–315. External resource
Karanth, K. K., and S. Kudalkar. 2017. History, location, and species matter: insights for human–wildlife conflict mitigation from India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 22:331-346. External resource
Kellert, S. R., M. Black, C. R. Rush, and A. J. Bath. 1996. Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology 10:977-990. External resource
Kiik, L. 2019. Conservationland: toward the anthropology of professionals in global nature conservation. Critique of Anthropology 39:391-419. External resource
Kirksey, S. E., and S. Helmreich. 2010. The emergence of multispecies ethnography. Cultural Anthropology 25:545-576. External resource
Knight, J. 1999. Monkeys on the move: the natural symbolism of people-macaque conflict in Japan. The Journal of Asian Studies 58:622-647. External resource
Kpera, G. N., N. Aarts, R. C. Tossou, G. A. Mensah, A. Saidou, D. K. Kossou, A. B. Sinsin, and A. J. van der Zijpp. 2014. A pond with crocodiles never dries up': a frame analysis of human-crocodile relationships in agro-pastoral dams in Northern Benin. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 12:316-333. External resource
Kshettry, A., N. Bhave, P. Das, and V. Athreya. 2021. Mahakal blessed my crop: community dynamics and religious beliefs influence efficacy of a wildlife compensation program. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download
Kumar, N., Y. V. Jhala, Q. Qureshi, A. G. Gosler, and F. Sergio. 2019. Human-attacks by an urban raptor are tied to human subsidies and religious practices. Scientific Reports 9:2545. External resource
Lestel, D., F. Brunois, and F. Gaunet. 2006. Etho-ethnology and ethno-ethology. Social Science Information 45:155-177. External resources
Locke, P. 2013. Explorations in ethnoelephantology. Environment and Society 4:79-97. External resource
Manfredo, M. J., and A.A. Dayer. 2004. Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human–wildlife conflict in a global context. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9:1-20. External resource
Matema, S., and J. A. Andersson. 2015. Why are lions killing us? Human–wildlife conflict and social discontent in Mbire District, northern Zimbabwe. The Journal of Modern African Studies 53:93-120. External resource
McKay, J. E., F. A. V. St. John, A. Harihar, D. Martyr, N. Leader-Williams, B. Milliyanawati, I. Agustin, Y. Anggriawan, Karlina, E. Kartika, F. Mangunjaya, M. J. Struebig, and M. Linkie. 2018. Tolerating tigers: gaining local and spiritual perspectives on human-tiger interactions in Sumatra through rural community interviews. Plos One 13:e0201447. Download
Miller, K.M., Berg, G., Indigenous Knowledge Keepers of Churchill, Lickers, M., McIvor, N., and Henri, D.A. 2025. Coexistence between people and polar bears supports indigenous knowledge mobilization in wildlife management and research. Communications Earth and Environment 6(74). External resources
Mohammadi, A., A. Alambeigi, J. V. López-Bao, and M. Kaboli. 2021. Fear of wolves in relation to attacks on people and livestock in western Iran. Anthrozoos:1-17. External resource
Moures-Nouri, F., M.-R. Hemami, A. Rezvani, and B. Ghasemi. 2023. The influence of superstitions and emotions on villagers’ attitudes towards striped hyena in southwestern Iran. Plos One 18:e0285546. Download
Musah, Y., D. K. Attuquayefio, A. N. A. Pobee, and L. H. Holbech. 2021. Ophidiophobia, myth generation, and human perceptions: implications for snake conservation in a typical savanna community of northern Ghana. Human Dimensions of Wildlife:1-22. External resource
Nair, R., Dhee, O. Patil, N. Surve, A. Andheria, J. D. C. Linnell, and V. Athreya. 2021. Sharing spaces and entanglements with big cats: the Warli and their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download
Nayak, M., and P. K. Swain. 2021. Perceptions through artwork: children’s understanding of elephants and human-elephant interactions in Balasore, India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife:1-10. External resource
Parathian, H. E., M. R. McLennan, C. M. Hill, A. Frazão-Moreira, and K. J. Hockings. 2018. Breaking through disciplinary barriers: human–wildlife interactions and multispecies ethnography. International Journal of Primatology. External resources
Pooley, S. 2016. A cultural herpetology of nile crocodiles in Africa. Conservation and Society 14:391 Download
Pooley, S. 2022. The challenge of compassion in predator conservation. Frontiers in Psychology 13. Download
Riley, E. P. 2010. The importance of human-macaque folklore for conservation in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Oryx 44:235-240. External resources
Riley, E. P. 2018. The maturation of ethnoprimatology: theoretical and methodological pluralism. International Journal of Primatology, 39:705-729. External resources
Riley, E. P., and N. E. C. Priston. 2010. Macaques in farms and folklore: exploring the human-nonhuman primate interface in Sulawesi, Indonesia. American Journal of Primatology 72:848-854. External resource
Rust, N. A., J. Tzanopoulos, T. Humle, and D. C. MacMillan. 2016. Why has human–carnivore conflict not been resolved in Namibia? Society & Natural Resources 29:1079-1094. Download
Saraswat, R., A. Sinha, and S. Radhakrishna. 2015. A god becomes a pest? Human-rhesus macaque interactions in Himachal Pradesh, northern India. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61:435-443. External resource
Saunders, L., & Jukes, S. 2025. Learning to Live with Dungalaba: Embracing Indigenous Knowledge Practises for Respectful Coexistence with Saltwater Crocodiles in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 1–14. External resources
Setchell, J. M., E. Fairet, K. Shutt, S. Waters, and S. Bell. 2017. Biosocial conservation: integrating biological and ethnographic methods to study human–primate interactions. International Journal of Primatology 38:401-426. Download
Sevillano-Triguero, V., F. Talayero, J. V. López-Bao, and S. Estrella-Aguirre. 2022. The social stereotypes of wolves and brown bears. Human Dimensions of Wildlife:1-16. External resource
Sousa, J., A. Ainslie, and C. M. Hill. 2017. Sorcery and nature conservation. Environmental Conservation:1-6. External resource
Sousa, J., C. M. Hill, and A. Ainslie. 2017. Chimpanzees, sorcery and contestation in a protected area in Guinea-Bissau. Social Anthropology 25:364-379. External resource
Teampanpong, J., Thungsen, M., Saisamorn, A. and Duengkae, P. 2024. Understanding human dimensions of Siamese Crocodile reintroduction in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity 8(4): 193-219. External resources
Thekaekara, T., S. A. Bhagwat, and T. F. Thornton. 2021. Coexistence and culture: understanding human diversity and tolerance in human-elephant interactions. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download
van der Ploeg, J., M. van Weerd, and G. A. Persoon. 2011. A cultural history of crocodiles in the Philippines: towards a new peace pact? Environment and History 17:229-264. External resource
Van der Ploeg, J., R. R. Araño, and M. van Weerd. 2011. What local people think about crocodiles: challenging environmental policy narratives in the Philippines. The Journal of Environment & Development 20:303-328. External resource
van Dooren, T. 2023. Worlds of meaning at the edge of extinction: conservation behaviour and the environmental humanities. Humanities 12:122. Download
Vikas, M., V. Athreya, and S. Limaye. 2022. Changing a leopard's spots or how people spot leopards? Managing human – leopard interactions in urban India. World Development Perspectives:100431. External resource
Walker, B. L. 2013. Animals and the Intimacy of History. History and Theory 52:45-67. External resources
Waylen, K. A., A. Fischer, P. J. K. McGowan, S. J. Thirgood, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2010. Effect of local cultural context on the success of community-based conservation interventions. Conservation Biology 24:1119-1129. External resource
Books and book chapters
Cavalcanti, S., S. Marchini, A. Zimmermann, E. M. Gese, and D. W. Macdonald. 2010. Jaguars, livestock and people in Brazil: reality and perceptions behind the conflict.in D. W. Macdonald and A. J. Loveridge, editors. Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. External resource
Dickman, A. J., and L. Hazzah. 2016. Money, myths and man-eaters: complexities of human–wildlife conflict. Pages 339-356 in F. M. Angelici, editor. Problematic wildlife: a cross-disciplinary approach. Springer International Publishing, Cham. External resource
Knight, J. 2000. Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge. External resource
Marvin, G. 2012. Wolf. Reaktion Books. External resource
McHugh, S., and G. Marvin. 2018. Human-animal studies: critical concepts in the social sciences. Routledge. External resource
