Coexistence

​Adams, T. S. F., K. E. A. Leggett, M. J. Chase, and M. A. Tucker. 2022. Who is adjusting to whom?: Differences in elephant diel activity in wildlife corridors across different human-modified landscapes. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download 

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Aguilar, Lucrecia K., Christine E. Webb. 2024. Keystones for conservation: Diversity, Wellbeing, Coexistence, Biological Conservation, Volume 291. Download

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Arbieu, U., G. Chapron, C. Astaras, N. Bunnefeld, S. Harkins, Y. Iliopoulos, M. Mehring, I. Reinhardt, and T. Mueller. 2021. News selection and framing: the media as a stakeholder in human-carnivore coexistence. Environmental Research Letters.  Download 

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Ardiantiono, Sugiyo, P. J. Johnson, M. I. Lubis, F. Amama, Sukatmoko, W. Marthy, and A. Zimmermann. 2021. Towards coexistence: can people's attitudes explain their willingness to live with Sumatran elephants in Indonesia? Conservation Science and Practice n/a:e520.  Download 

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Auster, R. E., S. W. Barr, and R. E. Brazier. 2021. Renewed coexistence: learning from steering group stakeholders on a beaver reintroduction project in England. European Journal of Wildlife Research 68:1.  Download 

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Bennett, N. J., R. Roth, S. C. Klain, K. M. A. Chan, D. A. Clark, G. Cullman, G. Epstein, M. P. Nelson, R. Stedman, T. L. Teel, R. E. W. Thomas, C. Wyborn, D. Curran, A. Greenberg, J. Sandlos, and D. Veríssimo. 2017. Mainstreaming the social sciences in conservation. Conservation Biology 31:56-66.  Download

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Bogezi, C., L. M. van Eeden, A. J. Wirsing, and J. M. Marzluff. 2021. Ranchers' perspectives on participating in non-lethal wolf-livestock coexistence strategies. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Boronyak, L., B. Jacobs, A. Wallach, J. McManus, S. Stone, S. Stevenson, B. Smuts, and H. Zaranek. 2021. Pathways towards coexistence with large carnivores in production systems. Agriculture and Human Values.  External resource 

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Bruskotter, J. T., J. A. Vucetich, S. L. Gilbert, N. H. Carter, and K. A. George. 2021. Tragic trade-offs accompany carnivore coexistence in the modern world. Conservation Letters n/a:e412841.  Download 

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Campbell, H. A., R. G. Dwyer, H. Wilson, T. R. Irwin, and C. E. Franklin. 2015. Predicting the probability of large carnivore occurrence: a strategy to promote crocodile and human coexistence. Animal Conservation 18:387-395.  External resource 

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Canney, A. C., L. M. McGough, N. A. Bickford, and K. E. Wallen. 2022. Systematic map of human-raptor interaction and coexistence research. Animals 12:45.  Download 

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Carter, N. H., P. Nelson, and T. Easter. 2021. A call for a national collaborative predator coexistence programme. People and Nature.  Download 

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Carter, N. H., and Linnell, J. D. C. (2016). Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 31, 575–578. Download

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Catapani, M. L., C. Morsello, B. Oliveira, and A. L. J. Desbiez. 2021. Using a conflict framework analysis to help beekeepers and giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) coexist. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Cavalier, R., E. N. Pratt, C. Serenari, and E. C. Rubino. 2021. Human dimensions of crocodilians: a review of the drivers of coexistence. Human Dimensions of Wildlife:1-17.  External resource 

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Chausson, A., H. Gurd, J. Foley, S. Bhalla, J. Lekilelei, T. Otieno, B. Lejale, P. Lenasalia, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2022. Evaluating the impact of Warrior Watch: behaviour change to promote human-lion coexistence. Biological Conservation 271:109571.   Download 

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Chua, L., M. E. Harrison, H. Fair, S. Milne, A. Palmer, J. Rubis, P. Thung, S. Wich, B. Büscher, S. M. Cheyne, R. K. Puri, V. Schreer, A. Stępień, and E. Meijaard. 2020. Conservation and the social sciences: beyond critique and co-optation. A case study from orangutan conservation. People and Nature 2:42-60.  Download

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Clement, B., and S. Bunce. 2022. Coyotes and more-than-human commons: exploring co-existence through Toronto’s Coyote Response Strategy. Urban Geography:1-19.   External resource 

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Connolly, E., and H. Nelson. 2023. Jaguars in the borderlands: multinatural conservation for coexistence in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Conservation Science 4.   Download 

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Cretois, B., J. D. C. Linnell, B. Van Moorter, P. Kaczensky, E. B. Nilsen, J. Parada, and J. K. Rød. 2021. Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe's anthropogenic landscapes. iScience 24.  Download 

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Culos, M., Ouvrier, A., Vimal, R. (2025). Thinking coexistence in human-dominated landscapes with the lens of multi-species assemblages: Farmers, brown bears and other wild species in the Pyrenees. Biological Conservation 302. Download

 

Ditmer, M. A., G. Wittemyer, S. W. Breck, and K. R. Crooks. 2022. Defining ecological and socially suitable habitat for the reintroduction of an apex predator. Global Ecology and Conservation:e02192.  Download 

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Doney, E. D., Frank, B., & Clark, D. A. (2025). Broadening the spectrum of conflict and coexistence: A case study example of human-wolf interactions in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS ONE 20(2): e0318566. Download

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Donfrancesco, V. 2023. (Co)producing landscapes of coexistence: A historical political ecology of human-wolf relations in Italy. Geoforum 149:103958. External resources 

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Drury, R., K. Homewood, and S. Randall. 2011. Less is more: the potential of qualitative approaches in conservation research. Animal Conservation 14:18-24.  Download

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Durant SM, Marino A, Linnell JDC, Oriol-Cotterill A, Dloniak S, Dolrenry S, Funston P, Groom RJ, Hanssen L, Horgan J, Ikanda D, Ipavec A, Kissui B, Lichtenfeld L, McNutt JW, Mitchell N, Naro E, Samna A and Yirga G (2022). Fostering Coexistence Between People and Large Carnivores in Africa: Using a Theory of Change to Identify Pathways to Impact and Their Underlying Assumptions. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:698631. Download

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Fernando, C., M. A. Weston, R. Corea, K. Pahirana, and A. R. Rendall. 2022. Asian elephant movements between natural and human-dominated landscapes mirror patterns of crop damage in Sri Lanka. Oryx:1-8.   Download 

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Fiasco, V., and K. Massarella. 2022. Human-wildlife coexistence: business as usual conservation or an opportunity for transformative change? Conservation & Society.  External resource 

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Filla, M., R. P. Lama, T. R. Ghale, T. Filla, M. Heurich, M. Waltert, and I. Khorozyan. 2022. Blue sheep strongly affect snow leopard relative abundance but not livestock depredation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation:e02153.   Download 

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Fletcher, R., and S. Toncheva. 2021. The political economy of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Biological Conservation 260:109216.  Download 

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Gao, Y & Clark, S.G. (2023). An interdisciplinary conception of human-wildlife coexistence. Journal for Nature Conservation 73:126370.

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Gálvez, N., F. A. V. St. John, and Z. G. Davies. 2021. Drivers of predator killing by rural residents and recommendations for fostering coexistence in agricultural landscapes. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Glikman JA, Frank B, Ruppert KA, Knox J, Sponarski CC, Metcalf EC, Metcalf AL and Marchini S (2021) Coexisting with Different Human-Wildlife Coexistence Perspectives. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:703174. Download
 

Glikman, J. A., B. Frank, D. D'Amico, L. Boitani, and P. Ciucci. 2023. Sharing land with bears: insights toward effective coexistence. Journal for Nature Conservation:126421.   Download

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Glikman JA, Frank B, Ruppert KA, Knox J, Sponarski CC, Metcalf EC, Metcalf AL and Marchini S. 2021. Coexisting with Different Human-Wildlife Coexistence Perspectives. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:703174. Download 

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Hill, CM. (2021). Conflict Is Integral to Human-Wildlife Coexistence. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:734314. Download​

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Hsiao, E. 2022. Conviviality in disrupted socionatural landscapes ecological peacebuilding around Akagera National Park. Conservation & Society.   External resource 

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Huang, C., K. Zhou, Y. Huang, P. Fan, Y. Liu, and T. M. Lee. 2023. Insights into the coexistence of birds and humans in cropland through meta-analyses of bird exclosure studies, crop loss mitigation experiments, and social surveys. PLOS Biology 21:e3002166.   Download 

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Ibbett, H., J. P. G. Jones, and F. A. V. St John. 2021. Asking sensitive questions in conservation using Randomised Response Techniques. Biological Conservation 260:109191.  Download

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Inskip, C., N. Carter, S. Riley, T. Roberts, and D. MacMillan. 2016. Toward human-carnivore coexistence: understanding tolerance for tigers in Bangladesh. Plos One 11:20.  Download

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Jansson, I (2025). The benefits of inclusive conservation for connectivity of lions across the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Conservation Science and Practice, 7(3):e70001. Download

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Jacobs, M. H., P. Fehres, and M. Campbell. 2012. Measuring emotions toward wildlife: a review of generic methods and instruments. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 17:233-247.  External resource

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Jolly, H., Satterfield, T., Kandlikar, M., TR, Suma. 2022. Indigenous insights on human–wildlife coexistence in southern India. Conservation Biology, 36(6):e13981. Download

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Keith, R. J., L. M. Given, J. M. Martin, and D. F. Hochuli. 2022. Collaborating with qualitative researchers to co-design social-ecological studies. Austral Ecology.   Download

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Klees van Bommel, J., C. Sun, A. T. Ford, M. Todd, and A. C. Burton. 2022. Coexistence or conflict: black bear habitat use along an urban-wildland gradient. Plos One 17:e0276448.   Download 

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Knox, J., Ruppert, K., Frank, B., Sponarski, C. and Glikman, J.A. (2020). Usage, definition, and measurement of the terms coexistence, tolerance and acceptance in wildlife conservation research in Africa. Ambio. Download

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König, H. J., Kiffner, C., Kramer-Schadt, S., Fürst, C., Keuling, O., and Ford, A. T. (2020). Human-wildlife coexistence in a changing world. Conservation Biology 34:786–794. Download

 

König, H. J., C. Kiffner, K. Kuhls, S. Uthes, V. Harms, and R. Wieland. 2023. Planning for wolf-livestock coexistence: landscape context predicts livestock depredation risk in agricultural landscapes. animal:100719.   Download 

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Kuramoto, Y., Y. Fujimori, R. Ito, Y. Kobayashi, and Y. Sakurai. 2021. Measures for co-existence between seals and coastal large-scale salmon set net fisheries: mitigation of catch damage by the use of rope grid. Fisheries Research 242:106041.  External resource 

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Loring, Philip. (2016). Toward a Theory of Coexistence in Shared Social-Ecological Systems: The Case of Cook Inlet Salmon Fisheries. Human Ecology 44:153-165. Download

 

Lucas, C., J. Abell, S. Bremner-Harrison, and K. Whitehouse-Tedd. 2022. Stakeholder perceptions of success in human-carnivore coexistence interventions. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download 

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Marchini, S., Boulhosa, R., Camargo, J., Camilo, A.R., Concone, H., Feliciani, F., Ferrardo, I., et al. (2024). A systems approach to planning for human-wildlife coexistence: The case of people and jaguars in the Brazilian Pantanal. Conservation Science and Practice e13082. Download​

 

Marchini S, Ferraz KMPMB, Foster V, Reginato T, Kotz A, Barros Y, Zimmermann A and Macdonald DW (2021). Planning for Human-Wildlife Coexistence: Conceptual Framework, Workshop Process, and a Model for Transdisciplinary Collaboration. Frontiers in

Conservation Science 2:752953. Download

 

Marino, A., J. C. Blanco, J. A. Cortes-Vazquez, J. V. Lopez-Bao, A. P. Bosch, and S. M. Durant. 2022. Environmentalities of coexistence with wolves in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain. Conservation and Society 20:345-357.   Download

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Martin, J. V., K. Epstein, R. M. Anderson, and S. Charnley. 2021. Coexistence praxis: the role of resource managers in wolf-livestock interactions on federal lands. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Manfredo, M., J. Vaske, and T. Teel. 2003. The potential for conflict index: a graphic approach to practical significance of human dimensions research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 8:219-228.  External resource

 

Miller, K.M., Berg, G., Indigenous Knowledge Keepers of Churchill. et al. 2025. Coexistence between people and polar bears supports Indigenous knowledge mobilization in wildlife management and research. Commun Earth Environ 6(74). Download

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Montero-Botey, M., M. Soliño, R. Perea, and M. Martínez-Jauregui. 2021. Exploring rangers' preferences for community-based strategies to improve human-elephant coexistence in African natural corridors. Animal Conservation.  External resource 

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Nair R, Dhee, Patil O, Surve N, Andheria A, Linnell JDC and Athreya V (2021) Sharing Spaces and Entanglements With Big Cats: The Warli and Their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:683356. Download

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Nesbitt, H. K., A. L. Metcalf, A. A. Lubeck, E. C. Metcalf, C. Beckman, A. P. Smith, and T. M. Cummins. 2021. Collective factors reinforce individual contributions to human-wildlife coexistence. The Journal of Wildlife Management.  External resource 

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Nesbitt, H. K., A. L. Metcalf, E. C. Metcalf, C. M. Costello, L. L. Roberts, M. S. Lewis, and J. A. Gude. 2023. Human dimensions of grizzly bear conservation: the social factors underlying satisfaction and coexistence beliefs in Montana, USA. Conservation Science and Practice n/a:e12885.   Download 

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Nuno, A., and F. A. V. St. John. 2015. How to ask sensitive questions in conservation: a review of specialized questioning techniques. Biological Conservation 189:5-15.  External resource

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Nyhus, Philip. 2016. Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence. Annu Rev Environ Resour 41:143–71. Download

 

Oommen, M. A. 2021. Beasts in the garden: human-wildlife coexistence in India's past and present. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2. Download 

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Othman, N., M. A.-S. Mustapah, A. G. Quilter, and A. DeWan. 2022. Understanding barriers and benefits to adopting elephant coexistence practices in oil palm plantation landscapes in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.   Download 

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Ouvrier, A., Culos, M., Guillerme, S., Doré, A., Figari, H., Linell, J.D.C., Quenette, P.-Y., Vimal, R. (2025). What does coexistence mean? Insight from place-based trajectories of pastoralists and bears encounters in the Pyrenees. People and Nature, 00:1–13. Download

 

Parsons, Arielle W., Camilla Sandström, Sally Capper, Lisa Faust, Bernard M. Kissui, Craig Packer,​ Nyumba, O., Wilson, T., Derrick, C. J. and Mukherjee, N. 2018. The use of focus group discussion methodology: insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9:20-32.  Download

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Pebsworth, P. A., and S. Radhakrishna. 2021. The costs and benefits of coexistence: what determines people's willingness to live near nonhuman primates? American Journal of Primatology 83:e23310.  External resource 

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Pettersson, H. L., G. Holmes, C. H. Quinn, S. M. Sait, and J. C. Blanco. 2023. Who must adapt to whom? Contested discourses on human–wolf coexistence and their impact on policy in Spain. People and Nature.   Download 

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Pettersson, H. L., C. H. Quinn, G. Holmes, and S. M. Sait. 2021. “They belong here”: understanding the conditions of human-wolf coexistence in north-western Spain. Conservation & Society.  External resource 

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Pinto-Marroquin, M., C. Castaño-Uribe, J. Pérez-Torres, J. F. Aristizabal, D. Santos-Fita, A. Ramos Chaparro, and J. C. Serio-Silva. 2022. Potential conflict as an opportunity for coexistence: cosmovision and attitudes of Arhuaco people towards jaguars. Ethnobiology and Conservation 11.   Download 

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Pooley, S. 2024. Conservation and coexistence at a crossroads. Conservation Biology, e14433. Download

 

Pooley S. 2021. Coexistence for Whom? Frontiers in Conservation Science 2:726991. Download

 

Pooley, S., Bhatia, S., and Vasava, A. 2020. Rethinking the study of human-wildlife coexistence. Conservation Biology 35:784–793. Download 

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Pooley, S. 2015. Using predator attack data to save lives, human and crocodilian. Oryx 49:581-583.  Download 

 

Puri, M., A. Srivathsa, K. K. Karanth, I. Patel, and N. S. Kumar. 2021. Links in a sink: interplay between habitat structure, ecological constraints and interactions with humans can influence connectivity conservation for tigers in forest corridors. Science of The Total Environment:151106.  External resource 

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Rust, N. A., A. Abrams, D. W. S. Challender, G. Chapron, A. Ghoddousi, J. A. Glikman, C. H. Gowan, C. Hughes, A. Rastogi, A. Said, A. Sutton, N. Taylor, S. Thomas, H. Unnikrishnan, A. D. Webber, G. Wordingham, and C. M. Hill. 2017. Quantity does not always mean quality: the importance of qualitative social science in conservation research. Society & Natural Resources 30:1304-1310.  External resource

 

Sage, A. H., V. Hillis, R. A. Graves, M. Burnham, and N. H. Carter. 2022. Paths of coexistence: spatially predicting acceptance of grizzly bears along key movement corridors. Biological Conservation 266:109468.  Download 

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Salazar, G., I. Ramakrishna, N. Satheesh, M. Mills, M. C. Monroe, and K. K. Karanth. 2021. The challenge of measuring children’s attitudes toward wildlife in rural India. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education:1-17.  External resource

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​Sargent, R., O. S. Rakotonarivo, S. P. Rushton, B. Cascio, A. Grau, A. R. Bell, N. Bunnefeld, A. Dickman, and M. Pfeifer. 2022. An experimental game to examine pastoralists' preferences for human–lion coexistence strategies. People and Nature.  Download 

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Saunders, L., & Jukes, S. 2025. Learning to Live with Dungalaba: Embracing Indigenous Knowledge Practises for Respectful Coexistence with Saltwater Crocodiles in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Environmental Education 0, 1–14. External resources 

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Shaney, K. J., A. Hamidy, M. Walsh, E. Arida, A. Arimbi, and E. N. Smith. 2017. Impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the contemporary biogeography of threatened crocodilians in Indonesia. Oryx:1-12.  External resource 

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Shankar VS, Purti N & Prabakaran N. 2024. Snowballing trends of saltwater crocodile conflicts in Andaman Islands: A mounting concern for conservation and sustainable co-existence. European Journal of Wildlife Research 70(4): 67. External resources 

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Sideleau, B., Staniwiecz, A., Syah, M., Shaney, K.J. 2022. An analysis of tomistoma (Tomistoma schlegelii) attacks on humans. Marine and Freshwater Research, 73(11): 1331-1338. External resources 

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St. John, F. A. V., D. Brockington, N. Bunnefeld, R. Duffy, K. Homewood, J. P. G. Jones, A. M. Keane, E. J. Milner-Gulland, A. Nuno, and J. H. Razafimanahaka. 2016. Research ethics: assuring anonymity at the individual level may not be sufficient to protect research participants from harm. Biological Conservation 196:208-209.  External resource

 

St. John, F. A. V., A. M. Keane, J. P. G. Jones, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2014. Robust study design is as important on the social as it is on the ecological side of applied ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:1479-1485.  Download

 

Stevens, M., Rawat, S., & Satterfield, T. 2025. Care, conflict, and coexistence: Human–wildlife relations in community forests. People and Nature, 7, 231–246. External resources

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Sutherland, W. J., L. V. Dicks, M. Everard, and D. Geneletti. 2018. Qualitative methods for ecologists and conservation scientists. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9:7-9.  External resource

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Thekaekara, T., S. A. Bhagwat, and T. F. Thornton. 2021. Coexistence and culture: understanding human diversity and tolerance in human-elephant interactions. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Thinley, P., R. Rajaratnam, L. Norbu, L. Dorji, J. Tenzin, C. Namgyal, C. Yangzom, T. Wangchuk, S. Wangdi, T. Dendup, S. Tashi, and C. Wangmo. 2021. Understanding human–canid conflict and coexistence: socioeconomic correlates underlying local attitude and support toward the Endangered dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Bhutan. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Toncheva, S., R. Fletcher, and E. Turnhout. 2021. Convivial conservation from the bottom-up: human-bear cohabitation in the Rodopi mountains of Bulgaria. Conservation & Society.  Download 

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Toncheva, S., and R. Fletcher. 2021. From conflict to conviviality? Transforming human–bear relations in Bulgaria. Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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Udyawer, V., C. Goiran, and R. Shine. 2021. Peaceful coexistence between people and deadly wildlife: why are recreational users of the ocean so rarely bitten by sea snakes? People and Nature 3:335-346.  Download 

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Vargas, S. P., M. Hargreaves, J. P. Del Valle, A. Hodges, E. Beltrami, M. F. Toledo, and G. Sapaj-Aguilera. 2022. Coexistence in times of climate crisis: a participatory mapping to understanding conservation conflicts in the Central Andes of Chile. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.   Download 

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Venumière-Lefebvre, C. C., S. W. Breck, and K. R. Crooks. 2022. A systematic map of human-carnivore coexistence. Biological Conservation 268:109515.  External resource 

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​Vogel, S. M., D. Vasudev, J. O. Ogutu, P. Taek, E. Berti, V. R. Goswami, M. Kaelo, R. Buitenwerf, M. Munk, W. Li, J. Wall, D. Chala, I. Amoke, A. Odingo, and J.-C. Svenning. 2023. Identifying sustainable coexistence potential by integrating willingness-to-coexist with habitat suitability assessments. Biological Conservation 279:109935.   Download 

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Vogel, S. M., A. C. Songhurst, G. McCulloch, and A. Stronza. 2022. Understanding farmers' reasons behind mitigation decisions is key in supporting their coexistence with wildlife. People and Nature.  Download 

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Vucetich, J. A., J. T. Bruskotter, and D. W. Macdonald. 2021. Can deliberative democracy favor a flourishing relationship between humans and carnivores? Frontiers in Conservation Science 2.  Download 

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White, P. C. L., N. V. Jennings, A. R. Renwick, and N. H. L. Barker. 2005. Questionnaires in ecology: a review of past use and recommendations for best practice. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:421-430.  Download

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Wiget, A., and O. Balalaeva. 2022. Sharing the world with bears: conflict and coexistence in the Siberian Taiga. Human Ecology.   Download 

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Wilkinson, C. E., T. Caspi, L. A. Stanton, D. Campbell, and C. J. Schell. 2023. Coexistence across space and time: social-ecological patterns within a decade of human-coyote interactions in San Francisco. People and Nature.   Download 

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Xiao, L., F. Hua, J. M. H. Knops, X. Zhao, C. Mishra, S. Lovari, J. S. Alexander, B. Weckworth, and Z. Lu. 2022. Spatial separation of prey from livestock facilitates coexistence of a specialized large carnivore with human land use. Animal Conservation.   External resource 

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Young, J. C., D. C. Rose, H. S. Mumby, F. Benitez-Capistros, C. J. Derrick, T. Finch, C. Garcia, C. Home, E. Marwaha, C. Morgans, S. Parkinson, J. Shah, K. A. Wilson, and N. Mukherjee. 2018. A methodological guide to using and reporting on interviews in conservation science research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9:10-19.  Download