Other barriers

Campbell-Smith, G., R. Sembiring, and M. Linkie. 2012. Evaluating the effectiveness of human-orangutan conflict mitigation strategies in Sumatra. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:367-375.  External resource

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Das, G., K. Selvan, B. Lahkar, and G. V. Gopi. 2022. Effectiveness of physical barriers in mitigating human–elephant negative interactions in North-East India. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download 

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Hill, C. M., and G. E. Wallace. 2012. Crop protection and conflict mitigation: reducing the costs of living alongside non-human primates. Biodiversity and Conservation 21:2569-2587.  External resource

 

Hoare, R. E. 1992. Present and future use of fencing in the management of larger African mammals. Environmental Conservation 19:160-164.  External resource

 

La Grange, M., C. Matema, B. Nyamukure, and R. Hoare. 2022. The virtual fence dynamic: a breakthrough for low-cost and sustainable mitigation of human-elephant conflict in subsistence agriculture? Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download

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Laguna, E., J. A. Barasona, A. J. Carpio, J. Vicente, and P. Acevedo. 2022. Permeability of artificial barriers (fences) for wild boar Sus scrofa in Mediterranean mixed landscapes. Pest Management Science.  Download

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Lance, N. J., S. W. Breck, C. Sime, P. Callahan, and J. A. Shivik. 2010. Biological, technical, and social aspects of applying electrified fladry for livestock protection from wolves (Canis lupus). Wildlife Research 37:708-714.  External resource

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Lichtenfeld, L. L., C. Trout, and E. L. Kisimir. 2015. Evidence-based conservation: predator-proof bomas protect livestock and lions. Biodiversity and Conservation 24:483-491.  Download

 

Manoa, D. O., S. Melubo, S. Kasaine, P. Banham, J. Willie, T. Oloo, E. Greengrass, and N. Tagg. 2022. Drivers of predator-proof boma disrepair in the Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya. Oryx:1-9.   Download

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Musiani, M., C. Mamo, L. Boitani, C. Callaghan, C. C. Gates, L. Mattei, E. VisalberghiI, S. Breck, and G. VolpiI. 2003. Wolf depredation trends and the use of barriers to protect livestock in western North America. Conservation Biology 17:1-10.  External resource

 

Natarajan, L., A. Kumar, Q. Qureshi, A. A. Desai, and B. Pandav. 2021. Evaluation of wall-barriers to manage human conflict with Asian elephants in India. Wildlife Society Bulletin.  External resource

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Nelson, A., P. Bidwell, and C. Sillero-Zubiri. 2003. A review of human-elephant conflict management strategies. People & Wildlife, A Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Born Free Foundation Partnership.  Download

 

Shivik, J. A., A. Treves, and P. Callahan. 2003. Nonlethal techniques for managing predation: primary and secondary repellents. Conservation Biology 17:1531-1537.  External resource

 

Sitati, N. W., and M. J. Walpole. 2006. Assessing farm-based measures for mitigating human-elephant conflict in Transmara District, Kenya. Oryx 40:279-286.  External resource

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​Smith, T. S., A. E. Derocher, R. L. Mazur, G. York, M. A. Owen, M. Obbard, E. S. Richardson, and S. C. Amstrup. 2023. Anthropogenic food: an emerging threat to polar bears. Oryx 57:425-434.   Download 

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Stone, S. A., S. W. Breck, J. Timberlake, P. M. Haswell, F. Najera, B. S. Bean, and D. J. Thornhill. 2017. Adaptive use of nonlethal strategies for minimizing wolf–sheep conflict in Idaho. Journal of Mammalogy 98:33-44.  Download

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Taylor, S. M., J. How, M. J. Travers, S. J. Newman, S. Mountford, D. Waltrick, C. E. Dowling, A. Denham, and D. J. Gaughan. 2022. SMART drumlines ineffective in catching white sharks in the high energy capes region of western Australia: acoustic detections confirm that sharks are not always amenable to capture. Biology 11:1537.   Download 

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Weise, F. J., M. W. Hayward, R. Casillas Aguirre, M. Tomeletso, P. Gadimang, M. J. Somers, and A. B. Stein. 2018. Size, shape and maintenance matter: a critical appraisal of a global carnivore conflict mitigation strategy – livestock protection kraals in northern Botswana. Biological Conservation 225:88-97.  External resource

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Westbrook, C. J., and K. England. 2022. Relative effectiveness of four different guards in preventing beaver cutting of urban trees. Environmental Management.   External resource

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Widén, A., J. P. G. M. Cromsigt, S. Dressel, A. M. Felton, N. J. Singh, and F. Widemo. 2023. Direct and indirect effects of food, fear and management on crop damage by ungulates. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 4:e12266.   Download 

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Wilkinson, C. E., A. McInturff, M. Kelly, and J. S. Brashares. 2021. Quantifying wildlife responses to conservation fencing in East Africa. Biological Conservation 256:109071. External resource