African elephant

Adams, T. S. F., M. J. Chase, T. L. Rogers, and K. E. A. Leggett. 2017. Taking the elephant out of the room and into the corridor: can urban corridors work? Oryx 51:347-353.  Download

 

Adams, T. S. F., K. E. A. Leggett, M. J. Chase, and M. A. Tucker. 2022. Who is adjusting to whom?: Differences in elephant diel activity in wildlife corridors across different human-modified landscapes. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download

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Adams, T. S. F., I. Mwezi, and N. R. Jordan. 2020. Panic at the disco: solar-powered strobe light barriers reduce field incursion by African elephants Loxodonta africana in Chobe District, Botswana. Oryx:1-8.  External resource

 

Barnes, R. F. W. 1996. The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests. Mammal Review 26:67-80.  External resource

 

Branco, P. S., J. A. Merkle, R. M. Pringle, J. Pansu, A. B. Potter, A. Reynolds, M. Stalmans, and R. A. Long. 2019. Determinants of elephant foraging behavior in a coupled human-natural system: is brown the new green? Journal of Animal Ecology  External resource

 

Buchholtz, E. K., M. McDaniels, G. McCulloch, A. Songhurst, and A. Stronza. 2023. A mixed-methods assessment of human-elephant conflict in the Western Okavango Panhandle, Botswana. People and Nature.   Download

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Buchholtz, E. K., L. Redmore, L. A. Fitzgerald, A. Stronza, A. Songhurst, and G. McCulloch. 2019. Temporal partitioning and overlapping use of a shared natural resource by people and elephants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7.  Download

 

Canney, S. M. 2019. The Mali Elephant Project: protecting elephants amidst conflict and poverty. International Zoo Yearbook 53:174-188.  Download

 

Canney, S. M. 2021. Making space for nature: elephant conservation in Mali as a case study in sustainability. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 63:4-15.  Download

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Chiyo, P. I., and E. P. Cochrane. 2005. Population structure and behaviour of crop-raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 43:233-241.  External resource

 

Chiyo, P. I., E. P. Cochrane, L. Naughton, and G. I. Basuta. 2005. Temporal patterns of crop raiding by elephants: a response to changes in forage quality or crop availability? African Journal of Ecology 43:48-55.  External resource

 

Chiyo, P. I., P. C. Lee, C. J. Moss, E. A. Archie, J. A. Hollister-Smith, and S. C. Alberts. 2011. No risk, no gain: effects of crop raiding and genetic diversity on body size in male elephants. Behavioral Ecology 22:552-558.  External resource

 

Chiyo, P. I., C. J. Moss, and S. C. Alberts. 2012. The influence of life history milestones and association networks on crop-raiding behavior in male African elephants. Plos One 7:11.  Download

 

Chiyo, P. I., C. J. Moss, E. A. Archie, J. A. Hollister-Smith, and S. C. Alberts. 2011. Using molecular and observational techniques to estimate the number and raiding patterns of crop-raiding elephants. Journal of Applied Ecology 48:788-796.  Download

 

Denninger Snyder, K., and D. Rentsch. 2020. Rethinking assessment of success of mitigation strategies for elephant-induced crop damage. Conservation Biology  External resource

 

Di Minin, E., R. Slotow, C. Fink, H. Bauer, and C. Packer. 2021. A pan-African spatial assessment of human conflicts with lions and elephants. Nature Communications 12:2978.  Download

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Djoko, I. B., R. B. Weladji, and P. Paré. 2022. Diurnality in the defensive behaviour of African honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii and implications for their potential efficacy in beehive fences. Oryx:1-7.  Download

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Durant, S. M., M. S. Becker, S. Creel, S. Bashir, A. J. Dickman, R. C. Beudels-Jamar, L. Lichtenfeld, R. Hilborn, J. Wall, G. Wittemyer, L. Badamjav, S. Blake, L. Boitani, C. Breitenmoser, F. Broekhuis, D. Christianson, G. Cozzi, T. R. B. Davenport, J. Deutsch, P. Devillers, L. Dollar, S. Dolrenry, I. Douglas-Hamilton, E. Droge, E. FitzHerbert, C. Foley, L. Hazzah, J. G. C. Hopcraft, D. Ikanda, A. Jacobson, D. Joubert, M. J. Kelly, J. Milanzi, N. Mitchell, J. M'Soka, M. Msuha, T. Mweetwa, J. Nyahongo, E. Rosenblatt, P. Schuette, C. Sillero-Zubiri, A. R. E. Sinclair, M. R. Price, A. Zimmermann, and N. Pettorelli. 2015. Developing fencing policies for dryland ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology 52:544-551.  Download

 

Gadd, M. E. 2005. Conservation outside of parks: attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya. Environmental Conservation 32:50-63.  External resource

 

Graham, M. D., W. M. Adams, and G. N. Kahiro. 2012. Mobile phone communication in effective human-elephant conflict management in Laikipia County, Kenya. Oryx 46:137-144.  External resource

 

Graham, M. D., I. Douglas-Hamilton, W. M. Adams, and P. C. Lee. 2009. The movement of African elephants in a human-dominated land-use mosaic. Animal Conservation 12:445-455.  External resource

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Graham, M. D., B. Notter, W. M. Adams, P. C. Lee, and T. N. Ochieng. 2010. Patterns of crop-raiding by elephants, Loxodonta africana, in Laikipia, Kenya, and the management of human-elephant conflict. Systematics and Biodiversity 8:435-445.  External resource

 

Graham, M. D., and T. Ochieng. 2008. Uptake and performance of farm-based measures for reducing crop raiding by elephants Loxodonta africana among smallholder farms in Laikipia District, Kenya. Oryx 42:76-82.  External resource

 

Gross, E. 2019. Tackling routes to coexistence human-elephant conflict in sub-Saharan Africa.  Download

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Gross, E. M., B. P. Lahkar, N. Subedi, V. R. Nyirenda, L. L. Lichtenfeld, and O. Jakoby. 2018. Seasonality, crop type and crop phenology influence crop damage by wildlife herbivores in Africa and Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation.  External resource

 

Gross, E. M., R. McRobb, and J. Gross. 2016. Cultivating alternative crops reduces crop losses due to African elephants. Journal of Pest Science 89:497-506.  External resource

 

Guerbois, C., E. Chapanda, and H. Fritz. 2012. Combining multi-scale socio-ecological approaches to understand the susceptibility of subsistence farmers to elephant crop raiding on the edge of a protected area. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:1149-1158.  Download

 

Gunn, J., D. Hawkins, R. F. W. Barnes, F. Mofulu, R. A. Grant, and G. W. Norton. 2014. The influence of lunar cycles on crop-raiding elephants; evidence for risk avoidance. African Journal of Ecology 52:129-137.  External resource

 

Hahn, N., A. Mwakatobe, J. Konuche, N. de Souza, J. Keyyu, M. Goss, A. Chang'a, S. Palminteri, E. Dinerstein, and D. Olson. 2017. Unmanned aerial vehicles mitigate human–elephant conflict on the borders of Tanzanian parks: a case study. Oryx 51:513-516.  External resource

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Hahn, N. R., J. Wall, K. Denninger-Snyder, M. Goss, W. Sairowua, N. Mbise, A. B. Estes, S. Ndambuki, E. E. Mjingo, I. Douglas-Hamiliton, and G. Wittemyer. 2021. Risk perception and tolerance shape variation in agricultural use for a transboundary elephant population. Journal of Animal Ecology.  External resource

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​Hahn, N. R., J. Wall, K. Denninger-Snyder, W. Sairowua, M. Goss, S. Ndambuki, E. Eblate, N. Mbise, S. Kiambi, and G. Wittemyer. 2023. Staging behaviours identify spatial and temporal risk of human-wildlife conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology.   Download

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Hill, C. M. 1998. Conflicting attitudes towards elephants around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Environmental Conservation 25:244-250.  External resource

 

Hoare, R. 2000. African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for co-existence. Oryx 34:34-38.  External resource

 

Hoare, R. 2012. Lessons from 15 years of human-elephant conflict mitigation: management considerations involving biological, physical and governance issues in Africa. Pachyderm:60-74.  Download

 

Hoare, R. E. 2015. Lessons from 20 years of human–elephant conflict mitigation in Africa. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 20:289-295.  External resource

 

Hoare, R. E. 1999. Determinants of human-elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:689-700.  Download

 

Hoare, R. E., and J. T. Du Toit. 1999. Coexistence between people and elephants in African savannas. Conservation Biology 13:633-639.  External resource

 

Jackson, T. R., S. Mosojane, S. M. Ferreira, and R. J. van Aarde. 2008. Solutions for elephant Loxodonta africana crop raiding in northern Botswana: moving away from symptomatic approaches. Oryx 42:83-91.  External resource

 

King, L. E., I. Douglas-Hamilton, and F. Vollrath. 2011. Beehive fences as effective deterrents for crop-raiding elephants: field trials in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 49:431-439.  Download

 

King, L. E., A. Lawrence, I. Douglas-Hamilton, and F. Vollrath. 2009. Beehive fence deters crop-raiding elephants. African Journal of Ecology 47:131-137.  External resource

 

Kinyanjui, M. W., N. R. Raja, E. J. Brennan, L. E. King, and L. N. Tiller. 2020. Local attitudes and perceived threats of human elephant conflict: a case study at Lake Jipe, Kenya. Pachyderm 61:120-130.  Download

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Kyokuhaire, A. M., C. A. Chapman, P. A. Omeja, D. M. Tumusiime, B. Y. Abwoli, and M. J. Lawes. Mitigating crop raiding by forest elephants and baboons at Kibale National Park. African Journal of Ecology n/a.   External resource

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La Grange, M., C. Matema, B. Nyamukure, and R. Hoare. 2022. The virtual fence dynamic: a breakthrough for low-cost and sustainable mitigation of human-elephant conflict in subsistence agriculture? Frontiers in Conservation Science 3.  Download

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Mackenzie, C. A., and P. Ahabyona. 2012. Elephants in the garden: financial and social costs of crop raiding. Ecological Economics 75:72-82.  External resource

 

Montero-Botey, M., and R. Perea. 2022. An increasing human-elephant conflict? Impact of African elephant on cultivated cashew trees. European Journal of Wildlife Research 69:5.   External resource

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Montero-Botey, M., M. Soliño, R. Perea, and M. Martínez-Jauregui. 2021. Exploring rangers' preferences for community-based strategies to improve human-elephant coexistence in African natural corridors. Animal Conservation.  External resource

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Montero Botey, M., M. Soliño, R. Perea, and M. Martínez-Jauregui. 2022. Let us give voice to local farmers: preferences for farm-based strategies to enhance human-elephant coexistence in Africa. Animals 12:1867.  Download

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Mutinda, M., G. Chenge, F. Gakuya, M. Otiende, P. Omondi, S. Kasiki, R. C. Soriguer, and S. Alasaad. 2014. Detusking fence-breaker elephants as an approach in human-elephant conflict mitigation. Plos One 9:7.  Download

 

Naughton-Treves, L. 1998. Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conservation Biology 12:156-168.  External resource

 

Naughton, L., R. Rose, and A. Treves. 1999. The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: a literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. A Report to the African Elephant Specialist, Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force, of IUCN. Glands, Switzerland.  External resource

 

Ngama, S., J. Bindelle, J. R. Poulsen, J.-L. Hornick, A. Linden, L. Korte, J.-L. Doucet, and C. Vermeulen. 2019. Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)? Plos One 14:e0213971.  Download

 

Nsonsi, F., J. C. Heymans, J. Diamouangana, F. B. Mavinga, and T. Breuer. 2018. Perceived human–elephant conflict and its impact for elephant conservation in northern Congo. African Journal of Ecology.  External resource

 

Nyumba, T. O., E. Kimongo Nankini, and N. Leader-Williams. 2021. Measuring the conservation attitudes of local communities towards the African elephant Loxodonta africana, a flagship species in the Mara ecosystem. Plos One 16:e0253234.  External resource

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O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E., T. Rodwell, M. Rice, and L. A. Hart. 2000. Living with the modern conservation paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants? A five-year case study in East Caprivi, Namibia. Biological Conservation 93:381-391.  External resource

 

Osborn, F. V. 2002. Capsicum oleoresin as an elephant repellent: field trials in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:674-677.  External resource

 

Osborn, F. V. 2004. Seasonal variation of feeding patterns and food selection by crop-raiding elephants in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 42:322-327.  External resource

 

Osborn, F. V., and G. E. Parker. 2003. Towards an integrated approach for reducing the conflict between elephants and people: a review of current research. Oryx 37:80-84.  External resource

 

Osipova, L., M. M. Okello, S. J. Njumbi, S. Ngene, D. Western, M. W. Hayward, and N. Balkenhol. 2018. Fencing solves human-wildlife conflict locally but shifts problems elsewhere: a case study using functional connectivity modelling of the African elephant. Journal of Applied Ecology.  External resource

 

Parker, G. E., and F. V. Osborn. 2006. Investigating the potential for chilli Capsicum spp. to reduce human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe. Oryx 40:343-346.  External resource

 

Pittiglio, C., A. K. Skidmore, H. van Gils, M. K. McCall, and H. H. T. Prins. 2014. Smallholder farms as stepping stone corridors for crop-raiding elephant in Northern Tanzania: integration of Bayesian expert system and network simulator. Ambio 43:149-161.  External resource

 

Plotnik, J. M., and S. L. Jacobson. 2022. A “thinking animal” in conflict: studying wild elephant cognition in the shadow of anthropogenic change. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 46:101148.  External resource

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Pozo, R. A., T. Coulson, G. McCulloch, A. Stronza, and A. Songhurst. 2017. Chilli-briquettes modify the temporal behaviour of elephants, but not their numbers. Oryx:1-9.  External resource

 

Pozo, R. A., J. J. Cusack, G. McCulloch, A. Stronza, A. Songhurst, and T. Coulson. 2018. Elephant space-use is not a good predictor of crop-damage. Biological Conservation 228:241-251.  External resource

 

Rakotonarivo, S. O., A. R. Bell, K. Abernethy, J. Minderman, A. B. Duthie, S. Redpath, A. Keane, H. Travers, S. Bourgeois, L.-L. Moukagni, J. J. Cusack, I. L. Jones, R. A. Pozo, and N. Bunnefeld. 2021. The role of incentive-based instruments and social equity in conservation conflict interventions. Ecology and Society 26.  Download

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Redmore, L., I. Katholo, A. Sene-Harper, A. Songhurst, G. McCulloch, and A. Stronza. 2023. The village, the elephant, and the state: land access and vulnerability in rural Botswana. Human Ecology.   Download

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Salerno, J., F. Stevens, A. Gaughan, T. Hilton, K. Bailey, T. Bowles, L. Cassidy, P. Mupeta-Muyamwa, D. Biggs, N. Pricope, A. W. Mosimane, L. M. Henry, M. Drake, A. Weaver, S. Kosmas, K. Woodward, N. Kolarik, and J. Hartter. 2021. Wildlife impacts and changing climate pose compounding threats to human food security. Current Biology.  External resource

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Shaffer, L. J., K. K. Khadka, J. Van Den Hoek, and K. J. Naithani. 2019. Human-elephant conflict: a review of current management strategies and future directions. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6.  External resource

 

Sitati, N. W., and M. J. Walpole. 2006. Assessing farm-based measures for mitigating human-elephant conflict in Transmara District, Kenya. Oryx 40:279-286.  External resource

 

Sitati, N. W., M. J. Walpole, and N. Leader-Williams. 2005. Factors affecting susceptibility of farms to crop raiding by African elephants: using a predictive model to mitigate conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:1175-1182.  Download

 

Sitati, N. W., M. J. Walpole, R. J. Smith, and N. Leader-Williams. 2003. Predicting spatial aspects of human-elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:667-677.  Download

 

Sitienei, A. J., G. Jiwen, and S. M. Ngene. 2014. Assessing the cost of living with elephants (Loxodonta africana) in areas adjacent to Meru National Park, Kenya. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60:323-330.  External resource

 

Songhurst, A., and T. Coulson. 2014. Exploring the effects of spatial autocorrelation when identifying key drivers of wildlife crop-raiding. Ecology and Evolution 4:582-593.  Download

 

Songhurst, A., G. McClloch, and T. Coulson. 2016. Finding pathways to human-elephant coexistence: a risky business. Oryx 50:713-720.  External resource

 

Tchamba, M. N. 1996. History and present status of the human elephant conflict in the Waza-Logone Region, Cameroon, west Africa. Biological Conservation 75:35-41.  External resource

 

Thouless, C. R. 1994. Conflict between humans and elephants on private land in northern Kenya. Oryx 28:119-127.  External resource

 

Tiller, L. N., T. Humle, R. Amin, N. J. Deere, B. O. Lago, N. Leader-Williams, F. K. Sinoni, N. Sitati, M. Walpole, and R. J. Smith. 2021. Changing seasonal, temporal and spatial crop-raiding trends over 15 years in a human-elephant conflict hotspot. Biological Conservation 254:108941.  External resource

 

Tiller, L. N., L. E. King, B. Okita-Ouma, F. Lala, F. Pope, I. Douglas-Hamilton, and C. R. Thouless. 2022. The behaviour and fate of translocated bull African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) into a novel environment. African Journal of Ecology.  External resource

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Tiller, L. N., E. Oniba, G. Opira, E. J. Brennan, L. E. King, V. Ndombi, D. Wanjala, and M. R. Robertson. 2022. "Smelly" elephant repellent: assessing the efficacy of a novel olfactory approach to mitigating elephant crop raiding in Uganda and Kenya. Diversity 14.  Download

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Vogel, S. M., D. Vasudev, J. O. Ogutu, P. Taek, E. Berti, V. R. Goswami, M. Kaelo, R. Buitenwerf, M. Munk, W. Li, J. Wall, D. Chala, I. Amoke, A. Odingo, and J.-C. Svenning. 2023. Identifying sustainable coexistence potential by integrating willingness-to-coexist with habitat suitability assessments. Biological Conservation 279:109935.   Download

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Vogel, S. M., A. C. Songhurst, G. McCulloch, and A. Stronza. 2022. Understanding farmers' reasons behind mitigation decisions is key in supporting their coexistence with wildlife. People and Nature.  Download

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Von Gerhardt, K., A. Van Niekerk, M. Kidd, M. Samways, and J. Hanks. 2014. The role of elephant Loxodonta africana pathways as a spatial variable in crop-raiding location. Oryx 48:436-444.  External resource

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Von Hagen, L., C. A. LaDue, and B. A. Schulte. 2023. Elephant scar prevalence in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya: echoes of human-elephant conflict. Animals 13:605.   Download