Crocodilians
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Guidance Documents
Croc digest: a bibliography of human-crocodile conflicts research and reports, 3rd edition (2020). (Pooley, S.) 
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Don't get eaten by a croc (poster, editions for South Africa and Swaziland, and Gujarat, India) (2017). (Pooley, S.) External resource
Don’t get eaten by a crocodile: in South Africa or Swaziland (2015). (Pooley, S.) Download
Crocodile and alligator safety for field researchers (2007). (Ross, J.P.) Download
Key Papers
Amarasinghe, A. T., M. B. Madawala, D. S. Karunarathna, S. C. Manolis, A. de Silva, and R. Sommerlad. 2015. Human-crocodile conflict and conservation implications
of Saltwater Crocodiles Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7:7111-7130. Download
Aust, P., B. Boyle, R. Fergusson, and T. Coulson. 2009. The impact of Nile crocodiles on rural livelihoods in northeastern Namibia. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39:57-69. External resource
Balaguera-Reina, S., and N. Farfán Ardila. 2018. Are we ready for successful apex predator conservation in Colombia? Human-crocodilian interactions
as a study case. Herpetological Review 49:5-12. External resource
Balaguera-Reina, S. A. 2012. Attacks and human-crocodile conflict in local communities in Colombia. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 31:12-14. Download
Brackhane, S., G. Webb, F. M. E. Xavier, J. Trindade, M. Gusmao, and P. Pechacek. 2019. Crocodile management in Timor-Leste: drawing upon traditional ecological
knowledge and cultural beliefs. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 24:314-331. External resource
Brien, M. L., C. M. Gienger, C. A. Browne, M. A. Read, M. J. Joyce, and S. Sullivan. 2017. Patterns of human–crocodile conflict in Queensland: a review of historical estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) management. Wildlife Research 44:281-290. External resource
Caldicott, D. G. E., D. Croser, C. Manolis, G. Webb, and A. Britton. 2005. Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 16:143-159. External resource
Campbell, H. A., R. G. Dwyer, H. Wilson, T. R. Irwin, and C. E. Franklin. 2015. Predicting the probability of large carnivore occurrence: a strategy to promote crocodile and human coexistence. Animal Conservation 18:387-395. External resource
Cureg, M., A. Bagunu, M. Weerd, M. Balbas, D. Soler, and J. Ploeg. 2016. A longitudinal evaluation of the communication, education and public awareness (CEPA) campaign for the Philippine crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis in northern Luzon, Philippines. International Zoo Yearbook 50:68-83. External resource
Das, C. S., and R. Jana. 2018. Human–crocodile conflict in the Indian Sundarban: an analysis of spatio-temporal incidences in relation to people's livelihood.
Oryx 52:661-668. External resource
Dunham, K. M., A. Ghiurghi, R. Cumbi, and F. Urbano. 2010. Human-wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans. Oryx 44:185-193. External resource
Dutton, H. J., J. E. Waller, D. A. Carbonneau, L. J. Hord, S. G. Stiegler, A. R. Woodward, A. M. Brunell, C. C. Carter, and J. P. Delaney. 2014. Florida’s
alligator management program: an update 2002-2014. Pages 60-71 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Group Meeting of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist
Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Fukuda, Y., C. Manolis, K. Saalfeld, and A. Zuur. 2015. Dead or alive? Factors affecting the survival of victims during attacks by saltwater crocodiles
(Crocodylus porosus) in Australia. Plos One 10:12. Download
Fukuda, Y., Manolis, C. and Appel, K. 2014. Management of human-crocodile conflict in the Northern Territory, Australia: review of crocodile attacks and removal of problem crocodiles. Journal of Wildlife Management 78:1239-1249. External resource
García-Grajales, J., and A. Buenrostro-Silva. 2019. Assessment of human–crocodile conflict in Mexico: patterns, trends and hotspots areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 70:708-720. External resource
King, R., and R. Elsey. 2014. Louisiana’s nuisance alligator program. Pages 163-181 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile
Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Kpera, G. N., N. Aarts, R. C. Tossou, G. A. Mensah, A. Saidou, D. K. Kossou, A. B. Sinsin, and A. J. van der Zijpp. 2014. A pond with crocodiles never dries up': a frame analysis of human-crocodile relationships in agro-pastoral dams in Northern Benin. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 12:316-333. External resource
Langley, R. L. 2010. Adverse encounters with alligators in the United States: an update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 21:156-163. External resource
Maheritafika, H. M. R., E. Robsomanitrandrasana, S. Rabesihanaka, F. Rafenomanana, A. Ravaoarimalala, L. Andrianjaratina, C. Manolis, and C. Lippai. 2016.
Preliminary assessment of human-crocodile conflict in Madagascar. Newsletter of the Crocodile Specialist Group 35:19-21. External resource
Manolis, S. C., and G. Webb. 2013. Assessment of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks in Australia (1971–2013): implications for management.
Pages 97-104 in World Crocodile Conference. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland,
Switzerland. Download
Manolis, S. C., and G. Webb. 2014. Human-crocodile conflict in the Australia and Oceania Region. Pages 200-208 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working
Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
McGregor, J. 2005. Crocodile crimes: people versus wildlife and the politics of postcolonial conservation on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Geoforum 36:353-369. External resource
Pagoda, L. R. 2017. Crocodile human encounter patterns in Sri Lanka. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32:S117-S117. External resource
Patel, D., A. Vasava, K. Patel, V. Mistry, M. Patel, and R. Vyas. 2014. Attitudes, perceptions and knowledge of the local people regarding crocodiles and
their conservation in Charotar Region, Gujarat, India. Pages 336-347 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist
Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Ponce-Campos, P. 2014. Human-crocodile conflict with Crocodylus acutus in Mexico, with comments on Crocodylus moreletii and Caiman crocodilus.
Pages 246-255 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland
and Cambridge UK. Download
Pooley, S. 2015. Using predator attack data to save lives, human and crocodilian. Oryx 49:581-583. Download
Pooley, S. 2016. A cultural herpetology of nile crocodiles in Africa. Conservation and Society 14:391 Download
Pooley, S. 2016. The entangled relations of humans and Nile crocodiles in Africa, c.1840-1992. Environment and History 22:421-454. External resource
Pooley, S., H. Botha, X. Combrink, and G. Powell. 2019. Synthesizing Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus attack data and historical context to inform mitigation efforts in South Africa and eSwatini (Swaziland). Oryx (early view). External resource
Powell, G., T. M. M. Versluys, J. J. Williams, S. Tiedt, and S. Pooley. 2020. Using environmental niche modelling to investigate abiotic predictors of
crocodilian attacks on people. Oryx:1-9. External resource
Sandoval-Hernández, I., A. Duran-Apuy, and J. Quirós-Valerio. 2017. Activities that may influence the risk of crocodile (Crocodylus acutus: Reptilia:
Crocodilidae) attack to humans in the Tempisque River area, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. UNICIENCIA 31:13-22. Download
Shaney, K. J., A. Hamidy, M. Walsh, E. Arida, A. Arimbi, and E. N. Smith. 2017. Impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the contemporary biogeography of
threatened crocodilians in Indonesia. Oryx:1-12. External resource
Sideleau, B. M., and A. R. C. Britton. 2014. An analysis of recent crocodile attacks in the Republic of Indonesia - a case study on the utility of the
CrocBITE database. Pages 332-335 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation
Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Sideleau, B. M., K. S. Edyvane, and A. R. C. Britton. 2016. An analysis of recent saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks in Timor-Leste and consequences for management and conservation. Marine and Freshwater Research 68:801-809. External resource
Stevenson, C., A. de SIlva, R. Vyas, T. Nair, A. Mobaraki, and A. A. Chaudhry. 2014. Human-crocodile conflict in South Asia and Iran. Pages 209-226 in Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Tisen, O. B., R. Bin Ahmad, F. Gombek, and E. Lading. 2014. A roadmap for crocodile conservation in Sarawak. Pages 227-235 in Proceedings of the
23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
van der Ploeg, J., R. R. Araño, and M. van Weerd. 2011. What local people think about crocodiles: challenging environmental policy narratives in the Philippines. The Journal of Environment & Development 20:303-328. External resource
van der Ploeg, J., M. van Weerd, and G. A. Persoon. 2011. A cultural history of crocodiles in the Philippines: towards a new peace pact? Environment and History 17:229-264. External resource
van der Ploeg, J., F. Ratu, J. Viravira, M. Brien, C. Wood, M. Zama, C. Gomese, and J. Hurutarau. 2019. Human-crocodile conflict in Solomon Islands. WorldFish,
Penang, Malaysia. Download
Vasava, A., D. Patel, R. Vyas, V. Mistry, and M. Patel. 2015. Crocs of Charotar: status, distribution and conservation of Mugger crocodiles in Charotar
region, Gujarat, India. Voluntary Nature Conservancy, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India. Download
Vyas, R., and C. Stevenson. 2017. Review and analysis of human and mugger crocodile conflict in Gujarat, India from 1960 to 2013. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 9:11016-11024. Download
Wallace, K. M., A. J. Leslie, and T. Coulson. 2011. Living with predators: a focus on the issues of human-crocodile conflict within the lower Zambezi valley. Wildlife Research 38:747-755. External resource
Woodward, A., E. H. Leone, H. J. Dutton, L. Hord, and J. E. Waller. 2014. Human alligator conflict in Florida, USA. Pages 182-199 in Proceedings
of the 23rd Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Download
Woodward, A. R., E. H. Leone, H. J. Dutton, J. E. Waller, and L. Hord. 2019. Characteristics of American alligator bites on people in florida. The Journal of Wildlife Management 83:1437-1453. External resource
Books and Book Chapters
Grigg, G., and D. Kirshner. 2015. Biology and evolution of crocodylians. Chapter 14: Conservation, commercialisation, and conflict. CSIRO Publishing. External resource
Pooley, A. C., T. Hines, and J. Shield. 1989. Attacks on humans. Pages 172-187 in C. A. Ross and S. Garnett, editors. Crocodiles and alligators. Golden Press Pty. Ltd, Silverwater, NSW, Australia. External resource
Links
IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group
CrocBite Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database