Lion
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Guidance Documents
Human-lion conflict toolkit. (Niassa Carnivore Project & partners) 
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Human-wildlife conflict in Africa: causes, consequences and management strategies. (FAO Forestry Paper) Download
Key Papers
Bauer, H., H. de Iongh, and E. Sogbohossou. 2010. Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa. Mammalia 74:363-367. External resource
Bauer, H., L. Muller, D. Van Der Goes, and C. Sillero-Zubiri. 2017. Financial compensation for damage to livestock by lions Panthera leo on community rangelands in Kenya. Oryx 51:106-114. External resource
Blackburn, S., J. G. C. Hopcraft, J. O. Ogutu, J. Matthiopoulos, and L. Frank. 2016. Human-wildlife conflict, benefit sharing and the survival of lions
in pastoralist community-based conservancies. Journal of Applied Ecology 53:1195-1205. Download
Dickman, A. J., L. Hazzah, C. Carbone, and S. M. Durant. 2014. Carnivores, culture and 'contagious conflict': multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania's Ruaha landscape. Biological Conservation 178:19-27. External resource
Fonturbel, F. E., and J. A. Simonetti. 2011. Translocations and human-carnivore conflicts: problem solving or problem creating? Wildlife Biology 17:217-224. Download
Gebresenbet, F., H. Bauer, J. M. Vadjunec, and M. Papeş. 2018. Beyond the numbers: human attitudes and conflict with lions (Panthera leo) in and
around Gambella National Park, Ethiopia. Plos One 13:e0204320. Download
Hazzah, L., A. Bath, S. Dolrenry, A. Dickman, and L. Frank. 2017. From attitudes to actions: predictors of lion killing by Maasai warriors. Plos One 12:e0170796. Download
Hazzah, L., S. Dolrenry, L. Naughton, C. T. T. Edwards, O. Mwebi, F. Kearney, and L. Frank. 2014. Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand,
Kenya. Conservation Biology 28:851-860. External resource
Hazzah, L., M. B. Mulder, and L. Frank. 2009. Lions and warriors: social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation 142:2428-2437. External resource
Hemson, G., S. Maclennan, G. Mills, P. Johnson, and D. Macdonald. 2009. Community, lions, livestock and money: a spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human-carnivore conflict in Botswana. Biological Conservation 142:2718-2725. External resource
Holland, K. K., L. R. Larson, and R. B. Powell. 2018. Characterizing conflict between humans and big cats Panthera spp: a systematic review of
research trends and management opportunities. Plos One 13:e0203877. Download
Inskip, C., and A. Zimmermann. 2009. Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx 43:18-34. External resource
Kuiper, T. R., A. J. Loveridge, D. M. Parker, P. J. Johnson, J. E. Hunt, B. Stapelkamp, L. Sibanda, and D. W. Macdonald. 2015. Seasonal herding practices influence predation on domestic stock by African lions along a protected area boundary. Biological Conservation 191:546-554. External resource
Kushnir, H., and C. Packer. 2019. Perceptions of risk from man-eating lions in Southeastern Tanzania. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. External resource
Lichtenfeld, L. L., C. Trout, and E. L. Kisimir. 2015. Evidence-based conservation: predator-proof bomas protect livestock and lions. Biodiversity
and Conservation 24:483-491. Download
Lindsey, P. A., Havemann, C. P., Lines, R., Palazy, L., Price, A. E., Retief, T. A., Rhebergen, T. and Van der Waal, C. 2013. Determinants of persistence
and tolerance of carnivores on Namibian ranches: implications for conservation on Southern African private lands. Plos One 8:14. Download
Maclennan, S. D., R. J. Groom, D. W. Macdonald, and L. G. Frank. 2009. Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation 142:2419-2427. External resource
Meena, V., Macdonald, D. W. and Montgomery, R. A. 2014. Managing success: Asiatic lion conservation, interface problems and peoples' perceptions in the Gir Protected Area. Biological Conservation 174:120-126. External resource
Montgomery, R. A., C. F. Hoffmann, E. D. Tans, and B. Kissui. 2018. Discordant scales and the potential pitfalls for human-carnivore conflict mitigation.
Biological Conservation 224:170-177. External resource
Patterson, B. D., E. J. Neiburger, and S. M. Kasiki. 2003. Tooth breakage and dental disease as causes of carnivore-human conflicts. Journal of Mammalogy
84:190-196. Download
Pooley, S., M. Barua, W. Beinart, A. Dickman, G. Holmes, J. Lorimer, A. J. Loveridge, D. W. Macdonald, G. Marvin, S. Redpath, C. Sillero-Zubiri, A. Zimmermann,
and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2017. An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human–predator relations. Conservation Biology
31:513-523. Download
Saberwal, V. K., J. P. Gibbs, R. Chellam, and A. J. T. Johnsingh. 1994. Lion human conflict in the Gir Forest, India. Conservation Biology 8:501-507. External resource
Schuette, P., S. Creel, and D. Christianson. 2013. Coexistence of African lions, livestock, and people in a landscape with variable human land use and seasonal movements. Biological Conservation 157:148-154. External resource
Weise, F. J., H. Hauptmeier, K. J. Stratford, M. W. Hayward, K. Aal, M. Heuer, M. Tomeletso, V. Wulf, M. J. Somers, and A. B. Stein. 2019. Lions at the
gates: trans-disciplinary design of an early warning system to improve human-lion coexistence. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6. External resource
Winterbach, H. E. K., C. W. Winterbach, M. J. Somers, and M. W. Hayward. 2013. Key factors and related principles in the conservation of large African
carnivores. Mammal Review 43:89-110. External resource
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